How Is Meta Analysis Used - 914 Words

How is meta-analysis used? Give an example? Patten (2014) defines meta-analysis as â€Å"a set of statistical methods for combining the results of previous studies† and the conclusions are based on â€Å"mathematical synthesis† (p. 151). Cohn and Becker (2003) offer a reason why meta-analysis is done â€Å"conducting a meta-analysis is the increase in statistical power that it affords a reviewer† (p. 243). There are two goals for meta-analysis research. They include to estimate a population effect-size parameter and to increase the precision of the estimate of the effect size parameter (Cohn Becker, 2003). There are two types of meta-analyses. They include fixed effect model and random effects model (Borenstein, Hedges, Rothstein, 2007). Fixed effects models deals with only one true effect size in which all of the studies that are used whereas random effects refers to when the true effect varies between each individual study that is pulled (2007). An example of a meta-analysis research was done by Ttofi and Farrington (2011). The authors did a systematic review measuring weighted mean effects and correlations between study features and effect sizes in the evaluation of how effective anti-bullying programs were. The methods that the authors used included randomization, a comparison of intervention-control with pretest-posttest of bullying, other intervention-controlled caparison, and age-cohort design (2011). The criteria for a study to be included in the review are as followed: -Show MoreRelatedThe present study used qualitative research methods to synthesize empirical findings of how gun700 Words   |  3 PagesThe present study used qualitative research methods to synthesize empirical findings of how gun control laws in each of the 50 states in the United States are alike or different. The study was also interested in determining whether local and state gun regulations have much in common with federal laws and are similar across the states. The study hypothesized that gun control regulations at the state level do not greatly differ from federal legislation. While there are certain differences between stateRead MoreStatistical Tests and Meta-Analysis1280 Words   |  5 PagesChi-square tests. (2) One-sample t test. (3) One-sample z test. b. Describe in detail each method and how you could use this method in health care administration. (1) Chi-square tests. This nonparametric test procedure operates by tabulating a variable into different categories and then computing a corresponding chi-square statistic (Chi-square tests, 2007). This so-called goodness-of-fit test is used to compare the observed and expected frequencies in each of the different categories in order toRead MoreOrganizational Testing and Assessment Essay examples1171 Words   |  5 Pagesselect tools and materials that are effective and reliable in screening employees. In addition they need to know how to properly administer and interpret the results. In the sections below, performance appraisal, behavioral observation scales, the Big Five Personality Theory, meta-analysis, and Carroll’s three stratum theory will be all described and what their purpose is as to being used in organizational testing and assessment. A performance appraisal is basically the same things as a performanceRead MoreWhat Is The Relation Between Trust And Risk On The Use Of Social Media?1230 Words   |  5 Pages(pg. 41). Other support was received from Dalian University of Technology (Faculty of Management and Economics) and Stockholm University (Department of Computer and Systems Sciences). The explicit purpose of this research is the ability to understand how trust and risk are affecting individuals’ behaviors towards social media platforms, seeing that previous researches highlighted trust and risk to be the most influential factors. It is also seen to be important to conduct this research in order to aidRead MoreHealth Promotion Model : A Meta Synthesis1303 Words   |  6 Pages Critical Analysis of a Published Research Article Ho, A.Y.K., Berggren, I., Dahlborg-Lyckhage, E. (2010). Diabetes empowerment related to Pender’s Health Promotion Model: A meta-synthesis. Nursing and Health Sciences (2010), 12, 259–267 Title Evaluation The title of this article â€Å"Diabetes empowerment related to Pender’s Health Promotion Model: A meta-synthesis† has been to-the-point and has been definite. The title has hinted at the way the research would be conducted withoutRead MoreStatistical Analysis On Coaching Psychology855 Words   |  4 PagesStates the statistical analysis used to answer research questions The researchers state the method used for analysis to answer the research questions. The researchers used meta-analysis to answer the research questions because they drew their data from different published research articles (Haan, Duckworth, 2008). Meta-analysis allows the researcher to combine results from different studies in order to focus on their contrast. The analysis technique enables a scholar to understand the sources ofRead MoreEvidence Based Outcomes And Utilizing Findings1208 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolves making clinical decisions on the best available evidence which is usually from disciplined research, while research utilization is using an aspect of a study for something else unrelated to the original research. The two terms are sometimes used synonymously but there is a distinct difference. In research utilization the emphasis is on translating the information into real word applications. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is broader than research utilization and incorp orates research findingsRead MoreThe Big 5 And Job Satisfaction1307 Words   |  6 Pagespersonality research has been correlated with many variables and factors. The following study uses a meta analysis procedure to evaluate the relationship between the Big 5 and job satisfaction rates and answer the following questions. You may also use your text in addition to help clarify information. Judge, T.A., Heller, D. Mount, M.K. (2002). Five-Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta Analysis. http://www.apa.org/psycarticles/sample.html Journal of Applied Psychology (87)3: 530. 1Read MoreDiabetes Type 2 Meta Analysis1011 Words   |  5 PagesDiabetes Type 2 meta-analysis Abstract Objective To compare treatment options of type2 diabetes. In reference to this a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials, observation-based studies and published information was carried out in an attempt to investigate the difference of efficacy between pharmacologic treatment in Diabetes type 2, specifically the newer oral class known as the SGLT-2 Inhibitors. Research designs and methods A literature search was conducting using the keywordsRead MoreHow Much Exposure And Media Did The Individual Experience Before Voting Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesDemocrat all the way to Strong Republican, A question that leads the research is, â€Å"How much exposure to media did the individual experience before voting and did that affect the way that individual voted?† Because at the end of the questioning that is the real answer to the question we’re asking. There is a noticeable differentiation in most of the questions asking how strong or weak an affiliation is or how strongly or how weakly a person feels about a well-known political figure. No matter if the figure

Corporate Social Responsibility ( Csr ) - 1226 Words

Novartis’ Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Consumers all over the world are pressuring companies to become more socially responsible. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measurement of a business’ impacts on society, both positive and negative. Pharmaceutical companies in particular are held to a high ethical standard by the public due to the nature of their product. Novartis, one of the largest healthcare and pharmaceutical companies in the world, aspires to be a model of ethics and philanthropy in the industry and sets a global standard of CSR for all businesses. This paper examines some of Novartis’ most recent CSR actions that contribute to the company’s sublime reputation, but also investigates lawsuits against Novartis and shortcomings with its transparency which the administration continually fails to address. Recent Innovations of Novartis In the last couple of years, Novartis has set aside more funds and efforts toward charitable healthcare. Their branches across the globe have developed entire departments to oversee the projects. These projects focus on providing affordable and innovative healthcare to low-income populations, both preventative and treatment-based. Health Education Capabilities Fund Novartis recently instituted a $1 million Health Education Capabilities Fund for projects that educate stakeholders and raise awareness of African health and diseases. New Generation ofShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and progra ms of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a

Study of Leadership can leaders be born or made Free Essays

Introduction As everybody is living in a competitive world leadership skills are important for successful business. Leadership referred to as direct people to perform a particular task. In a business world, if someone wants to go ahead in the field he may need certain skills which may give an opportunity to be a good leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Leadership: can leaders be born or made? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simply, it allows a person to climb up the business ladder. Therefore leadership can be considered as one of the main assets a successful manager should have. Management concerns about an effective and efficient way to achieve organizational goals through planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling organizational resources. Whereas leadership is one of the components of directing function mentioned above. This means that leadership often linked to the role of the manager or expert. However, leadership and management are two distinguish roles which are confused by many people. Not all managers, for example, are leaders; and not all leaders are managers. Many researchers have studied leadership in a quantitative and qualitative way and seen that it is far more sophisticated and complex that the leadership concepts discussed in the popular leadership books. Leadership can be represented as a process whereby someone influences the thoughts, attitudes and behavior to achieve an organizational goal. As a result, leadership can make employees more confident and train them to increase productivity through building trust and friendly atmosphere which makes employees to feel safety of their jobs which will help to increase the productivity. In an organization there are informal leaders with no tittle, no authority, no position power, but they can increase personal power. Nowadays, most of the companies agreed that management without leadership is an ineffective activity. The resources of the organization cannot be managed without proper leadership. In addition to that without leadership organization may move too slowly and which may result lose their business too. Leader is the one who is a trustworthy, self-confidence and fulfill promises made and consider the work seriously. Different people are having different attitudes and therefore, they give a solution to a particular problem/conflict in a different way. Therefore, most suitable decision needs to be selected when conflict arises. Therefore, leadership is an activity to get other people to do right things. Therefore, the need lf selecting better leader for an organization has become a challenging task. Thus, by having right team with fully motivated staff and great leadership qualities can enhance the reputation and productivity of the organization. Some researchers commented leadership as a personality perspective such as a trait or behavior whereas others think leadership is an information processing perspective.Therefore, in this analysis it is going to be analyze whether leaders are born or can made. Are leaders born? In the real world there are so many self-made leaders who become success in the business. It is a debatable issue whether they become top by born or experience gained during their life time. When considering Trait theory (Ghee Draft, 2004) explained that â€Å"traits are the distinguishing personal characteristic of leader such as intelligence, honesty, self-confidence, and appearance†. That means the Trait theory mainly emphasis that leaders are born. However, this is questionable to see whether people are born as a leader. In that case, it is also needed to investigate people who are not born cannot be a leader. Vien Goleman (1998) reveals that five aspects of emotional intelligence such as self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, social skills can be learned and provide. However, this concept is almost similar to the Trait Theory. Therefore, most of people argue that the traits are important in the development and deployment of people skills. Most of the people argue that leadership is born when consider some characters such as artists and players. However, they have realized that leadership is actually not born. Therefore, following examples illustrate the above concern. Tiger Woods- Golf Champion He has born with some talents of sports. His father worked hard from his early ages to make him Golf champion. Mozart- Musician He also has born with certain musical talent. As his father wanted to make him as a musician from his childhood he was trained to use instruments etc. Hendry Ford – Automobile leader His parents were poor people who came to America with the hope of new start for their lives. When he was a child, most of the time he spent with his mother. He is quite and inward looking. In his young age, he mother passed away. He was working as a low level mechanist in various places without having enough money spend better life. He didn’t have any resources such as birthright and pedigree that could make him a born leader. But, finally he became as the greatest leaders the corporate world ever seen. (http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Columns/Are-Leaders-Born.html, 14/03/11) Those examples prove that their natural talent and qualities improved through hard work of many years. In other words they have improved their influencing ability. â€Å"Leadership is as a process whereby an individual influence a group of individuals to achieve a company goals† (Northouse, 2010) Above definition reveals leadership as a process which means it is not trait or characteristic of leadership, but something deferent between leader and the followers. In addition to that it tells that leadership is not a linear event, but it can be considered as a communicating event. Therefore, it emphasizes that leadership is available to everyone. In this circumstance, it is vital to discuss about whether leadership can be made or born. Leadership is Made: A successful business requires proper leaders, but not managers to run the organization to a leading position in the market. Therefore, to achieve this, managers should be a real leaders. Some argue that good leaders are made not born. If someone wants to be a leader he can be an effective leader by improving leadership qualities such as goals, values and concepts. Bateman Snell (2009) reveals a leader who keeps focus on moving the organization towards its ideal future, motivate them to overcome whatever barriers lie in the way. Therefore, leaders need to motivate others and build cooperate with them to achieve organizational goals. Simply, leaders need to make friends rather than enemies. Further, smiley and friendly approach will be the asset to reach for the success. In order to be a successful leader who needs to gain better training to harvest the success. The leader can develop positive thinking which can be enhanced by positive thinking and better training. Therefore, one’s own abilities and traits are not enough to become a successful leader. In a real world, â€Å"he is born to be a leader† or â€Å"he is a natural leader† is commonly used phrase. It suggests the Traits perspective takes major part in the leadership. Further, it says that a particular person may have inborn characteristics or qualities which will help them to become leaders. However, figure 1 shows there is a difference between the Trait concept and Process concept (Northouse. P, 2009). Figure 1- The difference between the Trait and Process concept The Trait leadership tells that people who have special, inborn, talent can be a leader. Some of the traits are identified as height, intelligence, fluency and etc. Whereas, the Process concept suggests that leadership is interaction between leaders and followers and makes it available to everyone. Further, it says that leaders need followers and also followers need leaders who are closely linked to communicate each other to continue relationship. Northouse (2009) suggests that according to Douglas Mc Gregor (1960) theory, leadership can be concerned in two aspects such as Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X emphasis if employees are shy, they need to monitor, direct and control by the leader. On the other hand, Theory Y concerns that some people take responsibility and organize themselves to achieve organizational goals. According to theory Y, employees can be easily motivated. However, this concept was taken into account later years and Black and Mounton (1964) developed â€Å"Managerial Grid† (Northouse, 2009). In this grid he suggests two aspects of leadership behavior such as production and concern of people. Production- this aspect concern about task oriented behavior such as clarifying roles, scheduling work, and measuring output. Concern for people- this emphasis on building trust, camaraderie and a friendly atmosphere. As this is more concern about the people, it helps to motivate employees in order to achieve defined set of vision, strategies and targets of the organization. Therefore, all the theories mentioned above reveals that leadership is accessible for everyone. Northouse (2009), suggests that leaders should focus on vision, purpose, core values and the structure to translate them to take better business decisions. Therefore, it is essential that all level of employees needed to motivate to achieve the organizational targets. Many researchers such as Mc Gregor’s (1960) theory and vroom’s (1964) expectancy theory motivation reveals that followers are able to achieve targets of the organization with the influence of leaders. In addition to that, in expectancy theory it also suggests that different people concern different things. Therefore, different motivational needs are required. Hence, to understand different situations and different people within the organization the need of training and learning skills required for an effective and efficient leader. Further, leaders should have some attributes and qualities to motivate employees or the team in the organization. Therefore, an effective leadership is an important asset to the organization as great leaders create great business components of business success through delegation, direction, motivation, evaluation and conflict resolution. Bateman and Snell (2009) suggest that leadership can be learned and improved by coaching or mentoring. Therefore, better training will enhance the leader to self-motivate and hence, he or she can motivate the team as well. Conclusion In my concern, leaders can be made which means it is accessible for all people and can be learned as a behavior. There are no born leaders. However, all humans born with unique strengths and it enable to be a successful leader. Leadership is a skill, a proper leader needs to have and can be improved with practice. As a person gain more and more practice his or her leadership qualities improve. In some situations, the company may have leaders but not identified their potentials. In that case, they can make a better leader by giving them better training and performance appraisal. This proves that people are not born leaders. In my view, someone can born with some personal qualities and characteristics that makes it easier. When the responsibility is given to a person it gives an opportunity to get broad skills and being coached by someone to encourage them. Hence, they can be motivated and perform on their own skills and knowledge to succeed the company. Reference Teamtechnology (n.d), Leadership and Management (online) Available from: http://www.teamtechnology.co.uk/leadership-basics.html (accessed 11/01/11) Big dog and little dog’s performance juxtaposition (n.d), concept of leadership(online) Available from: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadcon.html, (accessed on 11/03/11) Paggu (2009) What is leadershipWhat are the component of effective leadership(online), Available from: http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Columns/Are-Leaders-Born.html (accessed: 11/03/11) Ehow (2010) why leadership is important in business(online), Available from: http://www.ehow.com/about_6585775_leadership-important-business.html (accessed 11/01/11) Ezinearticle (n.d), are there any born leaders?(on line), available from: http://ezinearticles.com/?Are-There-Any-Born-Leaders?id=477742 (accessed on 14/01/11) Business Mastery (n.d) Are leaders born(online), Available from : http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/Columns/Are-Leaders-Born.html, accessed on 13/3/11) Bateman, Thomas S., Snell, Scott A. (2009). Management: Leading and collaborating in the competitive world (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Great leaders are made, not born. (n.d) Available from :http://blogs.hbr.org/goldsmith/2008/01/great_leaders_are_made_not_bor.html (acceseed on 18/03/11) Northouse. P (2009), Leadership: Theory and Practice (5th Edition), London, Sage Publications. Torrington D, Hall L, Taylor S (2002), Human Resource Management (5th Edition), England, Pearson Education Ltd. How to cite Study of Leadership: can leaders be born or made?, Essay examples